The 25th United Nations Conference on Climate Change 2019 COP25 begins today in Madrid. We expect from COP25 two more encouraging developments: Firstly, a key issue left unadressed in the preceding Conference of Parties – COP24 in Katowice, Poland: the use of financial markets as mechanisms for fighting climate change. Secondly, a range of updates to countries’ individual targets, known as nationally determined contributions (NDCs).